{"id":34,"date":"2024-04-08T03:34:29","date_gmt":"2024-04-08T03:34:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/chapter\/open-licensing\/"},"modified":"2025-06-09T06:19:31","modified_gmt":"2025-06-09T06:19:31","slug":"open-licensing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/chapter\/open-licensing\/","title":{"raw":"Open Licensing","rendered":"Open Licensing"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<div class=\"chapter numberless\" title=\"Copyright and Open Licensing\">\r\n<div class=\"ugc chapter-ugc\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">All OER are distributed under some form of open license, which provides a set of authorized permissions from the rights-holder for any and all users. The most popular of these licenses are Creative Commons (CC) licenses, which are customizable copyright licenses that enable others to reuse, adapt, and republish content with minimal or no restrictions. CC licenses allow creators to clearly state how their works can be used by others. When you encounter a work with a CC license, you can easily understand how to incorporate it into your course. By assigning an open license to your own work, you grant all users the rights specified by the license, and you cannot restrict reuse by certain individuals or groups without altering the license itself.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">Creative Commons licenses will be explored in more detail in the next chapter. However, there are other open licenses that can be applied to educational materials. A few of these licenses are described below:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">\r\n \t<li><strong>GNU Free Documentation License<\/strong>: A copyleft license grants the right to copy, redistribute, and modify a resource, with the condition that all copies and derivative works must be made available under the same license. While copies can be sold commercially, the original document or source code must also be accessible to the user.<a id=\"return-footnote-30-5\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"Free Sotware Foundation. &quot;GNU Free Documentation License.&quot; 2008. https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/licenses\/fdl.html\" href=\"#footnote-30-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Free Art License<\/strong>: The FAL \"grants the right to freely copy, distribute, and modify creative works without infringing the author\u2019s rights.\" It is intended for use with artistic works rather than documents.<a id=\"return-footnote-30-6\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"Copyleft Attitude. &quot;Free Art License 1.3.&quot; 2007. http:\/\/artlibre.org\/licence\/lal\/en\/\" href=\"#footnote-30-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\"><strong>Dig Deeper\u00a0<\/strong>\r\nIf you\u2019re interested in learning more about open licenses, feel free to explore the Free Software Foundation\u2019s information on copyleft licenses, some of the first licenses used for open content.<a id=\"return-footnote-30-7\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"Free Software Foundation. &quot;What is Copyleft?.&quot; Accessed June 29, 2019.\u00a0https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/copyleft\/copyleft.html\" href=\"#footnote-30-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/div>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">Why Open Licenses?<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">Open licenses are fundamental to what qualifies an educational resource as an OER. The adaptability and reusability of OER ensure that they are not only free to access but also available for educators to modify for their courses. For instance, in the figure below, an openly licensed image has been traced to enhance readability for users.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-541\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-541\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"attachment_33\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 500px; text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-541\"><img class=\"wp-image-33\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/125\/2024\/04\/Adaptation-in-action.png\" alt=\"Two images of a flowering plant with pieces labeled: the first is fuzzy and out of focused, with the words &quot;CC 0 Universal Public Domain License, Kelvinsong&quot; beneath it. The second is a copy of the first with cleaner lines and clearer labels and the words &quot;CC 0 Universal Public Domain License, Kelvinsong (adapted for readability) beneath.\" width=\"500\" height=\"341\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">\u201cAdaptation in action\u201d by Abbey Elder, licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC 0 1.0<\/a>, was adapted from \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Copyrighted_source_to_tracing.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Copyrighted source to tracing<\/a>\u201d by Kelvinsong, also licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC 0 1.0<\/a>. This image was originally used to represent an improper recreation of a copyrighted work via tracing. In this example, it shows how an already open work can be <em>legally<\/em> recreated via tracing for readability.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">Early in the open education movement, David Wiley introduced what became one of the foundational tenets of the field: the 5Rs<a id=\"return-footnote-30-8\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"Wiley, David. &quot;Defining the 'Open' in Open Content and Open Educational Resources.&quot; Open Content blog, 2014. http:\/\/opencontent.org\/definition\/\" href=\"#footnote-30-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a>. These five attributes lay out what it means for something to be truly \u201copen\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">The 5 Rs include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Reuse<\/strong> \u2013 Use a resource in any context you choose.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Remix<\/strong> \u2013 Combine multiple resources to create a new, integrated resource.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Revise<\/strong> \u2013 Make a copy of a resource and modify it to suit the local context.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Retain<\/strong> \u2013 Keep a copy of the resource and control it permanently.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Redistribute<\/strong> \u2013 The right to share what you\u2019ve created freely.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">While the \u201credistribute\u201d and \u201crevise\u201d rights are the most commonly exercised rights in open education, each of the five plays an important role in the utility of an open educational resource. For example, without the right to \u201cremix\u201d materials, an educator who teaches an interdisciplinary course would not be able to combine two disparate OER into a new resource that more closely fits their needs.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<br>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[h5p id=\"28\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<div class=\"chapter numberless\" title=\"Copyright and Open Licensing\">\r\n<div class=\"ugc chapter-ugc\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">In the next chapter, we\u2019ll look at Creative Commons licenses and how they facilitate the expression of the 5 Rs in unique ways.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"h5p-6\" style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">\r\n<h1 class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><strong>Footnotes<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li id=\"footnote-30-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf\/eng\/h_wr02281.html#copyrightDefined <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-1\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"footnote-30-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf\/eng\/wr04784.html <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-2\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"footnote-30-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Attribution: \"Licensing\" and \"Public Domain\" were adapted in part from UH OER Training by Billy Meinke, licensed CC BY 4.0. <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-3\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"footnote-30-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Of course, standard citation procedures still apply for creative works in the public domain. You cannot claim another's work as your own. <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-4\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"footnote-30-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Free Sotware Foundation. \"GNU Free Documentation License.\" 2008. https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/licenses\/fdl.html <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-5\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"footnote-30-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Copyleft Attitude. \"Free Art License 1.3.\" 2007. http:\/\/artlibre.org\/licence\/lal\/en\/ <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-6\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"footnote-30-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Free Software Foundation. \"What is Copyleft?.\" Accessed June 29, 2019.\u00a0https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/copyleft\/copyleft.html <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-7\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"footnote-30-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wiley, David. \"Defining the 'Open' in Open Content and Open Educational Resources.\" Open Content blog, 2014. http:\/\/opencontent.org\/definition\/ <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-8\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bc-section section\">\n<div class=\"chapter numberless\" title=\"Copyright and Open Licensing\">\n<div class=\"ugc chapter-ugc\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">All OER are distributed under some form of open license, which provides a set of authorized permissions from the rights-holder for any and all users. The most popular of these licenses are Creative Commons (CC) licenses, which are customizable copyright licenses that enable others to reuse, adapt, and republish content with minimal or no restrictions. CC licenses allow creators to clearly state how their works can be used by others. When you encounter a work with a CC license, you can easily understand how to incorporate it into your course. By assigning an open license to your own work, you grant all users the rights specified by the license, and you cannot restrict reuse by certain individuals or groups without altering the license itself.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">Creative Commons licenses will be explored in more detail in the next chapter. However, there are other open licenses that can be applied to educational materials. A few of these licenses are described below:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">\n<li><strong>GNU Free Documentation License<\/strong>: A copyleft license grants the right to copy, redistribute, and modify a resource, with the condition that all copies and derivative works must be made available under the same license. While copies can be sold commercially, the original document or source code must also be accessible to the user.<a id=\"return-footnote-30-5\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"Free Sotware Foundation. &quot;GNU Free Documentation License.&quot; 2008. https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/licenses\/fdl.html\" href=\"#footnote-30-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Free Art License<\/strong>: The FAL &#8220;grants the right to freely copy, distribute, and modify creative works without infringing the author\u2019s rights.&#8221; It is intended for use with artistic works rather than documents.<a id=\"return-footnote-30-6\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"Copyleft Attitude. &quot;Free Art License 1.3.&quot; 2007. http:\/\/artlibre.org\/licence\/lal\/en\/\" href=\"#footnote-30-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\"><strong>Dig Deeper\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nIf you\u2019re interested in learning more about open licenses, feel free to explore the Free Software Foundation\u2019s information on copyleft licenses, some of the first licenses used for open content.<a id=\"return-footnote-30-7\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"Free Software Foundation. &quot;What is Copyleft?.&quot; Accessed June 29, 2019.\u00a0https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/copyleft\/copyleft.html\" href=\"#footnote-30-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">Why Open Licenses?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">Open licenses are fundamental to what qualifies an educational resource as an OER. The adaptability and reusability of OER ensure that they are not only free to access but also available for educators to modify for their courses. For instance, in the figure below, an openly licensed image has been traced to enhance readability for users.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-541\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-figure figure\" style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-541\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_33\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 500px; text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-541\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-33\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/125\/2024\/04\/Adaptation-in-action.png\" alt=\"Two images of a flowering plant with pieces labeled: the first is fuzzy and out of focused, with the words &quot;CC 0 Universal Public Domain License, Kelvinsong&quot; beneath it. The second is a copy of the first with cleaner lines and clearer labels and the words &quot;CC 0 Universal Public Domain License, Kelvinsong (adapted for readability) beneath.\" width=\"500\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/125\/2024\/04\/Adaptation-in-action.png 799w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/125\/2024\/04\/Adaptation-in-action-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/125\/2024\/04\/Adaptation-in-action-768x524.png 768w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/125\/2024\/04\/Adaptation-in-action-65x44.png 65w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/125\/2024\/04\/Adaptation-in-action-225x153.png 225w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/125\/2024\/04\/Adaptation-in-action-350x239.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">\u201cAdaptation in action\u201d by Abbey Elder, licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC 0 1.0<\/a>, was adapted from \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Copyrighted_source_to_tracing.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Copyrighted source to tracing<\/a>\u201d by Kelvinsong, also licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC 0 1.0<\/a>. This image was originally used to represent an improper recreation of a copyrighted work via tracing. In this example, it shows how an already open work can be <em>legally<\/em> recreated via tracing for readability.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">Early in the open education movement, David Wiley introduced what became one of the foundational tenets of the field: the 5Rs<a id=\"return-footnote-30-8\" class=\"footnote\" title=\"Wiley, David. &quot;Defining the 'Open' in Open Content and Open Educational Resources.&quot; Open Content blog, 2014. http:\/\/opencontent.org\/definition\/\" href=\"#footnote-30-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a>. These five attributes lay out what it means for something to be truly \u201copen\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">The 5 Rs include:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Reuse<\/strong> \u2013 Use a resource in any context you choose.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Remix<\/strong> \u2013 Combine multiple resources to create a new, integrated resource.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Revise<\/strong> \u2013 Make a copy of a resource and modify it to suit the local context.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Retain<\/strong> \u2013 Keep a copy of the resource and control it permanently.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Redistribute<\/strong> \u2013 The right to share what you\u2019ve created freely.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">While the \u201credistribute\u201d and \u201crevise\u201d rights are the most commonly exercised rights in open education, each of the five plays an important role in the utility of an open educational resource. For example, without the right to \u201cremix\u201d materials, an educator who teaches an interdisciplinary course would not be able to combine two disparate OER into a new resource that more closely fits their needs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-28\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-28\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"28\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Applying the 5Rs of Open Education in Course Design\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\">\n<div class=\"chapter numberless\" title=\"Copyright and Open Licensing\">\n<div class=\"ugc chapter-ugc\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">In the next chapter, we\u2019ll look at Creative Commons licenses and how they facilitate the expression of the 5 Rs in unique ways.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-6\" style=\"text-align: justify; hyphens: none; word-wrap: break-word;\">\n<h1 class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><strong>Footnotes<\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<ol>\n<li id=\"footnote-30-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf\/eng\/h_wr02281.html#copyrightDefined <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-1\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote-30-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf\/eng\/wr04784.html <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-2\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote-30-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Attribution: &#8220;Licensing&#8221; and &#8220;Public Domain&#8221; were adapted in part from UH OER Training by Billy Meinke, licensed CC BY 4.0. <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-3\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote-30-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Of course, standard citation procedures still apply for creative works in the public domain. You cannot claim another&#8217;s work as your own. <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-4\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote-30-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Free Sotware Foundation. &#8220;GNU Free Documentation License.&#8221; 2008. https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/licenses\/fdl.html <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-5\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote-30-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Copyleft Attitude. &#8220;Free Art License 1.3.&#8221; 2007. http:\/\/artlibre.org\/licence\/lal\/en\/ <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-6\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote-30-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Free Software Foundation. &#8220;What is Copyleft?.&#8221; Accessed June 29, 2019.\u00a0https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/copyleft\/copyleft.html <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-7\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"footnote-30-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Wiley, David. &#8220;Defining the &#8216;Open&#8217; in Open Content and Open Educational Resources.&#8221; Open Content blog, 2014. http:\/\/opencontent.org\/definition\/ <a class=\"return-footnote\" href=\"#return-footnote-30-8\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">\u21b5<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-34","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-sa"],"part":31,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":286,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/revisions\/286"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/31"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/34\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/pushstartoerandioerforeducators\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=34"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}