{"id":26,"date":"2017-02-06T00:04:33","date_gmt":"2017-02-06T00:04:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/chapter\/oer-definition\/"},"modified":"2025-11-28T04:33:47","modified_gmt":"2025-11-28T04:33:47","slug":"oer-definition","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/chapter\/oer-definition\/","title":{"raw":"OER definition","rendered":"OER definition"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Definition<\/h1>\r\nThe term <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/communication-information\/open-solutions\/open-educational-resources\">OER (Open Educational Resources) was first defined by UNESCO<\/a> in 2002 as \"any type of educational materials that are in the public domain or introduced with an open license\" and can \"range from textbooks to curricula, syllabi, lecture notes, assignments, tests, projects, audio, video and animation.\"\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/\">Creative Commons<\/a> created the <a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/wiki\/What_is_OER%3F\">\"What is OER?\" table<\/a> below to compare different definitions of OER from various sources.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-25\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1064\" height=\"407\" \/>\r\n\r\nAlthough many people think of OER and Open Education as generally referring to online-only material and courses, this is not the case. Many open textbooks, for example, are also available in hard copy, or can be printed if a user prefers.\r\n<h1>The 5 Rs of Openness<\/h1>\r\nAs seen in the table above, OER differ from traditional educational resources in their licensing and permissions. Namely, the \"open\" aspect of OER can be defined by <a href=\"http:\/\/davidwiley.org\/\">David Wiley's<\/a> <em>5R Framework:<\/em>[footnote]This material was created by David Wiley and published freely under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license at: <a href=\"http:\/\/opencontent.org\/blog\/archives\/3221\">http:\/\/opencontent.org\/blog\/archives\/3221<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Retain<\/strong>: the right to make, own, and control copies of the content<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reuse<\/strong>: the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Revise<\/strong>: the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Remix<\/strong>: the right to combine the original or revised content with other open content to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Redistribute<\/strong>: the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[h5p id=\"1\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1>OER Myth busting<\/h1>\r\nThink OER are too difficult to find or complicated to use? Worried that they will take too much time and effort to implement? Concerned about copyright and intellectual property protection? The <a href=\"https:\/\/oerpolicy.eu\/\">OER Policy for Europe<\/a> has addressed many of these concerns on their <a href=\"https:\/\/mythbusting.oerpolicy.eu\/\">OER Mythbusting!<\/a> site.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3><strong>Attributions<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe <a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/wiki\/What_is_OER%3F\">\"What is OER?\" table<\/a> at the top of this page has been copied from <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/\">Creative Commons<\/a> and is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 license<\/a>.\r\n<h1>OER History<\/h1>\r\n<iframe lang=\"en\" title=\"Short History of OER\" src=\"https:\/\/studio.libretexts.org\/h5p\/19589\/embed\" width=\"703\" height=\"625\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/studio.libretexts.org\/modules\/custom\/h5p\/vendor\/h5p\/h5p-core\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\nAdopted from <a href=\"https:\/\/studio.libretexts.org\/h5p\/19589\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Short History of OER<\/a> by Lillian Hogendoorn, Emily Carlisle-Johnston is shared with the following license: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0<\/a> (CC BY), except where otherwise noted.\r\n\r\nThe 5R Framework on this page was retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.sfu.ca\/help\/research-assistance\/format-type\/oer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SFU's Open Educational Resources<\/a> research guide and is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 license<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h1>Definition<\/h1>\n<p>The term <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/communication-information\/open-solutions\/open-educational-resources\">OER (Open Educational Resources) was first defined by UNESCO<\/a> in 2002 as &#8220;any type of educational materials that are in the public domain or introduced with an open license&#8221; and can &#8220;range from textbooks to curricula, syllabi, lecture notes, assignments, tests, projects, audio, video and animation.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/\">Creative Commons<\/a> created the <a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/wiki\/What_is_OER%3F\">&#8220;What is OER?&#8221; table<\/a> below to compare different definitions of OER from various sources.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-25\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1064\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table.png 1150w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table-1024x392.png 1024w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table-768x294.png 768w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table-65x25.png 65w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table-225x86.png 225w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/183\/2016\/03\/OER-definition-table-350x134.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1064px) 100vw, 1064px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Although many people think of OER and Open Education as generally referring to online-only material and courses, this is not the case. Many open textbooks, for example, are also available in hard copy, or can be printed if a user prefers.<\/p>\n<h1>The 5 Rs of Openness<\/h1>\n<p>As seen in the table above, OER differ from traditional educational resources in their licensing and permissions. Namely, the &#8220;open&#8221; aspect of OER can be defined by <a href=\"http:\/\/davidwiley.org\/\">David Wiley&#8217;s<\/a> <em>5R Framework:<\/em><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"This material was created by David Wiley and published freely under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license at: http:\/\/opencontent.org\/blog\/archives\/3221\" id=\"return-footnote-26-1\" href=\"#footnote-26-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Retain<\/strong>: the right to make, own, and control copies of the content<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reuse<\/strong>: the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Revise<\/strong>: the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Remix<\/strong>: the right to combine the original or revised content with other open content to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Redistribute<\/strong>: the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div id=\"h5p-1\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-1\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"1\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Define OER\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>OER Myth busting<\/h1>\n<p>Think OER are too difficult to find or complicated to use? Worried that they will take too much time and effort to implement? Concerned about copyright and intellectual property protection? The <a href=\"https:\/\/oerpolicy.eu\/\">OER Policy for Europe<\/a> has addressed many of these concerns on their <a href=\"https:\/\/mythbusting.oerpolicy.eu\/\">OER Mythbusting!<\/a> site.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3><strong>Attributions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/wiki\/What_is_OER%3F\">&#8220;What is OER?&#8221; table<\/a> at the top of this page has been copied from <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/\">Creative Commons<\/a> and is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 license<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h1>OER History<\/h1>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" lang=\"en\" title=\"Short History of OER\" src=\"https:\/\/studio.libretexts.org\/h5p\/19589\/embed\" width=\"703\" height=\"625\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/studio.libretexts.org\/modules\/custom\/h5p\/vendor\/h5p\/h5p-core\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Adopted from <a href=\"https:\/\/studio.libretexts.org\/h5p\/19589\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Short History of OER<\/a> by Lillian Hogendoorn, Emily Carlisle-Johnston is shared with the following license: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0<\/a> (CC BY), except where otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p>The 5R Framework on this page was retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lib.sfu.ca\/help\/research-assistance\/format-type\/oer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SFU&#8217;s Open Educational Resources<\/a> research guide and is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 license<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"media-attributions clear\" prefix:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\" prefix:dc=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\"><h3>Media Attributions<\/h3><ul><li >OER definition table       <\/li><\/ul><\/div><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-26-1\">This material was created by David Wiley and published freely under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license at: <a href=\"http:\/\/opencontent.org\/blog\/archives\/3221\">http:\/\/opencontent.org\/blog\/archives\/3221<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-26-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["shannon-moist"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[63],"license":[],"class_list":["post-26","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard","contributor-shannon-moist"],"part":24,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":398,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/revisions\/398"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/24"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/26\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=26"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=26"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/iotb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=26"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}