{"id":6,"date":"2025-08-18T08:07:58","date_gmt":"2025-08-18T08:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/?p=6"},"modified":"2025-08-19T08:39:34","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T08:39:34","slug":"appendix","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/back-matter\/appendix\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary of Terms","rendered":"Glossary of Terms"},"content":{"raw":"<ul style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA):<\/strong>\u00a0A method of comparing the relative costs and outcomes of different interventions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Demand:<\/strong>\u00a0The quantity of healthcare services that people are willing and able to use at a given price.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Supply:<\/strong>\u00a0The quantity of healthcare services that providers are willing and able to deliver.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Health Technology Assessment (HTA):<\/strong>\u00a0The evaluation of health technologies based on clinical, economic, and social criteria.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)<\/strong>\u2013 An evaluation method where both costs and benefits of a healthcare intervention are measured in monetary terms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)<\/strong>\u2013 A method of comparing the costs of different interventions relative to their health outcomes, often expressed as cost per life-year gained.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)<\/strong>\u2013 A type of cost-effectiveness analysis that incorporates quality of life, often using Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) as the outcome.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Equity<\/strong>\u2013 Fairness in healthcare, ensuring that vulnerable or disadvantaged groups are not left behind when resources are allocated.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Externalities<\/strong>\u2013 Side effects (positive or negative) of a health intervention that affect people who are not directly involved (e.g., herd immunity from vaccination).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)<\/strong>\u2013 The total economic output of a country, often used to measure health spending as a percentage of national wealth.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Health Economics<\/strong>\u2013 The study of how scarce resources are allocated in healthcare to maximise health outcomes and efficiency.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER)<\/strong>\u2013 A calculation that compares the extra cost of one intervention to the extra health benefits it provides compared to an alternative.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Opportunity Cost<\/strong>\u2013 The value of the best alternative forgone when a choice is made, e.g., funding one program means another cannot be funded.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Public Policy<\/strong>\u2013 Government actions, laws, and decisions aimed at addressing health system priorities and improving population health.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)<\/strong>\u2013 A measure that combines quantity and quality of life into a single unit, used to compare health outcomes across different interventions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Scarcity<\/strong>\u2013 The fundamental economic problem of having limited resources to meet unlimited healthcare needs.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<ul style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<li><strong>Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA):<\/strong>\u00a0A method of comparing the relative costs and outcomes of different interventions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Demand:<\/strong>\u00a0The quantity of healthcare services that people are willing and able to use at a given price.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Supply:<\/strong>\u00a0The quantity of healthcare services that providers are willing and able to deliver.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Health Technology Assessment (HTA):<\/strong>\u00a0The evaluation of health technologies based on clinical, economic, and social criteria.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)<\/strong>\u2013 An evaluation method where both costs and benefits of a healthcare intervention are measured in monetary terms.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)<\/strong>\u2013 A method of comparing the costs of different interventions relative to their health outcomes, often expressed as cost per life-year gained.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA)<\/strong>\u2013 A type of cost-effectiveness analysis that incorporates quality of life, often using Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) as the outcome.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Equity<\/strong>\u2013 Fairness in healthcare, ensuring that vulnerable or disadvantaged groups are not left behind when resources are allocated.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Externalities<\/strong>\u2013 Side effects (positive or negative) of a health intervention that affect people who are not directly involved (e.g., herd immunity from vaccination).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gross Domestic Product (GDP)<\/strong>\u2013 The total economic output of a country, often used to measure health spending as a percentage of national wealth.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Health Economics<\/strong>\u2013 The study of how scarce resources are allocated in healthcare to maximise health outcomes and efficiency.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER)<\/strong>\u2013 A calculation that compares the extra cost of one intervention to the extra health benefits it provides compared to an alternative.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Opportunity Cost<\/strong>\u2013 The value of the best alternative forgone when a choice is made, e.g., funding one program means another cannot be funded.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Public Policy<\/strong>\u2013 Government actions, laws, and decisions aimed at addressing health system priorities and improving population health.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)<\/strong>\u2013 A measure that combines quantity and quality of life into a single unit, used to compare health outcomes across different interventions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scarcity<\/strong>\u2013 The fundamental economic problem of having limited resources to meet unlimited healthcare needs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":124,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[27],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-6","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry","back-matter-type-appendix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/6","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/124"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/6\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/6\/revisions\/56"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/6\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=6"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=6"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/introtohealtheconomics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=6"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}