{"id":148,"date":"2025-10-13T05:06:29","date_gmt":"2025-10-13T05:06:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/test\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=148"},"modified":"2026-01-15T08:31:09","modified_gmt":"2026-01-15T08:31:09","slug":"chapter-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/chapter\/chapter-2\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 3: Assessment of the Victim","rendered":"Chapter 3: Assessment of the Victim"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nType your learning objectives here.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define what a rapid assessment is.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Demonstrate rapid assessment techniques.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the important components in rapid assessment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the abnormal finding based on the DRSABC assessment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the important information needed during rapid assessment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1 Introduction to Rapid Assessment Techniques of the Victim<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rapid Assessment Techniques (RAT) refers to a systematic technique and steps that anyone, even someone without medical training, can take to evaluate an injured or ill person in an emergency. This is often the first part of FA, also known as \u2018primary survey\u2019 or \u2018initial assessment\u2019. The goal is to prioritise care by addressing life-threatening conditions first, followed by less urgent issues. As a FAr, you will encounter two types of victims: a) someone who is injured or ill. It's not about diagnosing a specific illness or injury, but rather about checking the basics to keep the person alive until professional help arrives. Think of it like triage in a crisis: You're not fixing everything, you're just spotting the significant dangers right away.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2 Important Components in Rapid Assessment Techniques<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">First Aid Rapid Assessment Techniques (RAT) consist of two key components: the systematic and standardised sequence outlined by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) known as DRSABC (Danger, Response, Shout for help, Airway, Breathing, Circulation), and the quick assessment of a victim\u2019s level of consciousness using the AVPU mnemonic (Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive). To make it practical and easy for the layperson to follow, the RAT begins with identifying the potential risk from the environment and the victim, followed by determining the level of consciousness, calling for assistance, and managing the airway, breathing, and circulation to address both types of conditions.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3 What is DRSABC and AVPU?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The DRSABC is a standard approach that provides a structured and straightforward method for managing both injuries and illnesses during an emergency, particularly before medical professionals arrive. It begins with <em><strong>Danger (D)<\/strong><\/em>, where the first aider checks the surroundings to ensure safety from hazards such as traffic, fire, or electricity, preventing further harm to themselves or the victims. Body fluid can also be considered a hazard for the rescuer. Once the area is safe, the next step is <em><strong>Response (R)<\/strong><\/em>, where the victim\u2019s level of consciousness is assessed using the AVPU approach. This helps determine the severity of the situation and whether immediate action is necessary. The step of <em><strong>Shout for Help (S)<\/strong><\/em> is crucial because calling emergency services or alerting others ensures that professional medical assistance is on the way while first aid is being given. The next stage, <em><strong>Airway (A)<\/strong><\/em>, focuses on ensuring that the victim\u2019s airway is open and clear, since many medical emergencies, such as choking, fainting, or collapse, can block normal breathing. After this, <em><strong>Breathing (B)<\/strong><\/em> is assessed to check whether the casualty is breathing normally or needs urgent support. If breathing is absent or abnormal, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should begin immediately. Finally, <em><strong>Circulation (C)<\/strong><\/em> involves maintaining blood flow through CPR and using an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available or monitoring circulation in victims who are breathing but may show signs of shock or illness.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.1 DRSABC: Danger<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Assess the scene and look for actual or potential hazards such as fire or smoke, electricity, chemical spills or gases, sharp objects, unsafe crowd, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apply protective equipment such as a surgical mask, disposable gloves, and a face shield to protect yourself from infectious diseases or as a precautionary measure.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If safe, eliminate the hazard by switching off the electrical supply or moving hazardous objects away from the victims.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Move the victims using appropriate techniques if required. Reassess the hazards continuously.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.2 DRSABC: Respond<\/strong><\/p>\r\nCheck the \u2018respond\u2019 by using the AVPU mnemonic:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; height: 92px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.20588%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px; text-align: center;\"><strong>A -<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6227%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px;\">Alert<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 2.3046%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px;\">:<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 78.3683%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px; text-align: justify;\">The victim is awake, can talk or move, and responds appropriately.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.20588%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px; text-align: center;\"><strong>V -<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6227%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px;\">Verbal<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 2.3046%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px;\">:<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 78.3683%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px; text-align: justify;\">The victim only responds when spoken to (e.g., opens eyes, moans, or answers slowly).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.20588%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px; text-align: center;\"><strong>P -<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6227%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px;\">Pain<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 2.3046%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px;\">:<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 78.3683%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px; text-align: justify;\">No response to voice, but reacts to a painful stimulus (e.g., pinching the earlobe, pressing the nail bed).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.20588%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U -<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.6227%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px;\">Unresponsive<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 2.3046%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px;\">:<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 78.3683%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px; text-align: justify;\">No reaction at all, the victim is unconscious.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.3 DRSABC: Shout for help<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As soon as you confirm that the victim is unresponsive or not breathing normally:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_489\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-489 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/Flowchart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" \/> \"DRSABC: Shout for help\" by Nazrin Ahmad is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.4 DRSABC: Airway<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the victim does not respond to your call, proceed to assess and open the airway if required. Open the victim\u2019s mouth to identify if there is a foreign body or anatomical abnormality that blocks the airway, such as the fall back of the tongue. To open the airway, you may use several techniques as follows:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>Default technique (all ages &gt;1 year): Head-tilt\/Chin-lift:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>One hand on the forehead \u2192 gently tilt the head back.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Two fingers under the bony chin \u2192 lift the chin upward (avoid pressing the soft tissues under the jaw).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>If spinal\/neck injury is suspected:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Try a jaw thrust (place fingers behind the angles of the jaw and lift forward) while keeping the head in neutral.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If the airway remains blocked, prioritise life. Carefully add a small head-tilt\/chin-lift as needed to open the airway.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>Infants (&lt;1 year) &amp; small children:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aim for a neutral \u201csniffing\u201d position (a rolled towel under the shoulders may help infants).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Avoid overextending the neck.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_62\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"901\"]<img class=\"wp-image-62 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"901\" height=\"334\" \/> \"Airway opening technique\"\u00a0by\u00a0Nazrin Ahmad\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0CC BY-NC 4.0[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.5 <\/strong><strong>DRSABC: Breathing<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.5.a Perform rapid breathing assessment (5\u201310 seconds)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Look for chest\/abdomen movement, as well as any obvious obstructions in the mouth.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Listen for breathing sounds: normal, snoring (tongue), gurgling (fluid), high-pitched stridor (tight\/blocked upper airway).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Feel for air movement from the mouth\/nose.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Red flags: unable to speak\/cry, noisy breathing, drooling, cyanosis (blue lips), paradoxical chest\/abdomen motion.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_66\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-66 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/test\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.1-300x281.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"281\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attribution-builder\">\"Respiratory assessment\"<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attribution-builder\">Nazrin Ahmad<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC 4.0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.5.b Abnormal finding in \u2018breathing\u2019 assessment:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Absence of breathing (no chest rise).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Abnormal breathing pattern:\r\n<ul type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Agonal Breaths:<\/strong> irregular, gasping, or snorting sounds; often seen in cardiac arrest.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Shallow or weak breathing:<\/strong> minimal chest movement, inadequate air exchange.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Laboured breathing:<\/strong> using neck or chest muscles excessively, visibly struggling to breathe.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Noisy breathing:\r\n<ul type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Gurgling:<\/strong> may indicate fluid or vomit obstructing the airway.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Wheezing:<\/strong> a whistling sound, often due to asthma or airway narrowing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Stridor:<\/strong> a harsh, high-pitched sound indicating upper airway obstruction.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Snoring respirations:<\/strong> tongue partially blocking the airway in an unconscious person.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Abnormal rate:\r\n<ul type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Too slow (bradypnea)<\/strong> may indicate drug overdose, brain injury.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Too fast (tachypnea)<\/strong> may suggest shock, asthma attack, severe bleeding, or anxiety.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cyanosis<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Key Action for Non-Medical Professionals<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u2022 If breathing is absent or abnormal \u2192 treat as not breathing normally.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u2022 Start CPR immediately and call emergency services.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u2022 Place the casualty in the recovery position only if they are breathing normally and safely.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.6 DRSABC: Circulation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The circulation assessment can be divided into two main components: medical cases and trauma cases. A medical case involves conditions resulting from physiological abnormalities. In contrast, a trauma case refers to injuries caused by external forces, which may lead to internal bleeding, external bleeding, or fractures.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Medical circulation assessment:<\/strong>\r\n<ul type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Palpate the neck (carotid) pulse within 10 seconds. If no palpable pulse, commence high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Trauma circulation assessment:<\/strong>\r\n<ul type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Observe for any visible external and internal bleeding and determine its location.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4 The examples of the application of DRSABC in medical and trauma cases<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.1 Case 1: Severe haemorrhage (Injury)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You are in an office workshop when you hear a loud crash. A colleague has accidentally cut their arm deeply on a piece of broken glass after tripping over a toolbox. Blood is flowing heavily from the wound, and a few bystanders are panicking. What would be your action:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Danger (D): Before rushing in, you quickly check the area. There is broken glass scattered on the floor, and machinery nearby. You ensure the power is turned off and ask others to keep away from the sharp glass to prevent further injuries.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Response (R) + AVPU: You kneel beside your colleague and speak to them: \u201cCan you hear me? Are you okay?\u201d They respond weakly, showing they are still Alert but in pain. You continue to check using the AVPU scale. They respond to your voice but appear dizzy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shout for Help (S): You immediately ask a coworker to dial 999 (or 112) and provide clear instructions to report a severe bleeding incident, including the location and the number of casualties.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Airway (A): As the casualty becomes pale and less responsive, ensure their head is in a safe position and their mouth is clear, maintaining an open airway.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Breathing (B): You observe their chest movement and confirm they are still breathing normally, although shallow due to shock.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Circulation (C): You take a clean cloth from the first aid kit and apply firm, direct pressure to the bleeding wound to slow the blood loss. You reassure your colleague, keeping them calm, warm, and conscious until emergency services arrive.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.2 Case 2: Asthma attack in the office<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During a busy morning in the office, one of your colleagues suddenly starts coughing and wheezing after someone sprays an air freshener nearby. They clutch their chest and struggle to catch their breath.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Danger (D): You quickly remove the trigger by opening a window and asking others not to spray anything else in the room. You ensure the environment is safe from further irritants, such as smoke or dust.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Response (R) + AVPU: You approach the colleague and ask, \u201cCan you talk to me? Do you have your inhaler?\u201d They nod and try to speak, but can only manage short words between breaths. This means they are Alert but struggling. If they could only respond to Verbal prompts or Pain, or became Unresponsive, it would signal a life-threatening attack.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shout for Help (S): Since the attack appears severe, ask another coworker to call 999 (or 112) and report an asthma emergency, providing the office location and details of the casualty\u2019s condition.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Airway (A): Encourage the casualty to sit upright and slightly lean forward, which helps keep their airway open and makes it easier for them to breathe.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Breathing (B): You monitor their breathing, which is fast and noisy, and help them take their reliever inhaler. You stay calm and reassure them while watching for any changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Circulation (C): You stay close in case their condition worsens. If they were to collapse and stop responding, you would immediately begin CPR and use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>3.5 Possible finding from the 'Rapid Assessment Techniques'<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_172\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"529\"]<img class=\"wp-image-172 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/RAT.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"772\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attribution-builder\">\"Possible findings from rapid assessment\"<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attribution-builder\">Nazrin Ahmad<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC 4.0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Type your key takeaways here.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>The FAr may perform the \u2018airway\u2019, \u2018breathing\u2019, and \u2018circulation\u2019 assessment simultaneously, however, the management always begins with the \u2018airway\u2019 followed by \u2018breathing\u2019 and \u2018circulation\u2019.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Ongoing assessment is essential, as the victim\u2019s condition is dynamic and may sometimes require modification of techniques to preserve life.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[h5p id=\"28\"]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Type your learning objectives here.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Define what a rapid assessment is.<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrate rapid assessment techniques.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the important components in rapid assessment.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the abnormal finding based on the DRSABC assessment.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the important information needed during rapid assessment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.1 Introduction to Rapid Assessment Techniques of the Victim<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rapid Assessment Techniques (RAT) refers to a systematic technique and steps that anyone, even someone without medical training, can take to evaluate an injured or ill person in an emergency. This is often the first part of FA, also known as \u2018primary survey\u2019 or \u2018initial assessment\u2019. The goal is to prioritise care by addressing life-threatening conditions first, followed by less urgent issues. As a FAr, you will encounter two types of victims: a) someone who is injured or ill. It&#8217;s not about diagnosing a specific illness or injury, but rather about checking the basics to keep the person alive until professional help arrives. Think of it like triage in a crisis: You&#8217;re not fixing everything, you&#8217;re just spotting the significant dangers right away.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.2 Important Components in Rapid Assessment Techniques<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">First Aid Rapid Assessment Techniques (RAT) consist of two key components: the systematic and standardised sequence outlined by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) known as DRSABC (Danger, Response, Shout for help, Airway, Breathing, Circulation), and the quick assessment of a victim\u2019s level of consciousness using the AVPU mnemonic (Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive). To make it practical and easy for the layperson to follow, the RAT begins with identifying the potential risk from the environment and the victim, followed by determining the level of consciousness, calling for assistance, and managing the airway, breathing, and circulation to address both types of conditions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3 What is DRSABC and AVPU?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The DRSABC is a standard approach that provides a structured and straightforward method for managing both injuries and illnesses during an emergency, particularly before medical professionals arrive. It begins with <em><strong>Danger (D)<\/strong><\/em>, where the first aider checks the surroundings to ensure safety from hazards such as traffic, fire, or electricity, preventing further harm to themselves or the victims. Body fluid can also be considered a hazard for the rescuer. Once the area is safe, the next step is <em><strong>Response (R)<\/strong><\/em>, where the victim\u2019s level of consciousness is assessed using the AVPU approach. This helps determine the severity of the situation and whether immediate action is necessary. The step of <em><strong>Shout for Help (S)<\/strong><\/em> is crucial because calling emergency services or alerting others ensures that professional medical assistance is on the way while first aid is being given. The next stage, <em><strong>Airway (A)<\/strong><\/em>, focuses on ensuring that the victim\u2019s airway is open and clear, since many medical emergencies, such as choking, fainting, or collapse, can block normal breathing. After this, <em><strong>Breathing (B)<\/strong><\/em> is assessed to check whether the casualty is breathing normally or needs urgent support. If breathing is absent or abnormal, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should begin immediately. Finally, <em><strong>Circulation (C)<\/strong><\/em> involves maintaining blood flow through CPR and using an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available or monitoring circulation in victims who are breathing but may show signs of shock or illness.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.1 DRSABC: Danger<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Assess the scene and look for actual or potential hazards such as fire or smoke, electricity, chemical spills or gases, sharp objects, unsafe crowd, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apply protective equipment such as a surgical mask, disposable gloves, and a face shield to protect yourself from infectious diseases or as a precautionary measure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If safe, eliminate the hazard by switching off the electrical supply or moving hazardous objects away from the victims.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Move the victims using appropriate techniques if required. Reassess the hazards continuously.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.2 DRSABC: Respond<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Check the \u2018respond\u2019 by using the AVPU mnemonic:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; height: 92px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.20588%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px; text-align: center;\"><strong>A &#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6227%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px;\">Alert<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.3046%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px;\">:<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.3683%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px; text-align: justify;\">The victim is awake, can talk or move, and responds appropriately.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.20588%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px; text-align: center;\"><strong>V &#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6227%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px;\">Verbal<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.3046%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px;\">:<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.3683%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px; text-align: justify;\">The victim only responds when spoken to (e.g., opens eyes, moans, or answers slowly).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.20588%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px; text-align: center;\"><strong>P &#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6227%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px;\">Pain<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.3046%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px;\">:<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.3683%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 31px; text-align: justify;\">No response to voice, but reacts to a painful stimulus (e.g., pinching the earlobe, pressing the nail bed).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.20588%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U &#8211;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6227%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px;\">Unresponsive<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 2.3046%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px;\">:<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.3683%; border: none; padding: 0px; height: 15px; text-align: justify;\">No reaction at all, the victim is unconscious.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.3 DRSABC: Shout for help<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As soon as you confirm that the victim is unresponsive or not breathing normally:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_489\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-489\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-489 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/Flowchart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/Flowchart.png 1024w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/Flowchart-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/Flowchart-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/Flowchart-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/Flowchart-225x169.png 225w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/Flowchart-350x263.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-489\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;DRSABC: Shout for help&#8221; by Nazrin Ahmad is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.4 DRSABC: Airway<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If the victim does not respond to your call, proceed to assess and open the airway if required. Open the victim\u2019s mouth to identify if there is a foreign body or anatomical abnormality that blocks the airway, such as the fall back of the tongue. To open the airway, you may use several techniques as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>Default technique (all ages &gt;1 year): Head-tilt\/Chin-lift:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>One hand on the forehead \u2192 gently tilt the head back.<\/li>\n<li>Two fingers under the bony chin \u2192 lift the chin upward (avoid pressing the soft tissues under the jaw).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>If spinal\/neck injury is suspected:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Try a jaw thrust (place fingers behind the angles of the jaw and lift forward) while keeping the head in neutral.<\/li>\n<li>If the airway remains blocked, prioritise life. Carefully add a small head-tilt\/chin-lift as needed to open the airway.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>Infants (&lt;1 year) &amp; small children:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aim for a neutral \u201csniffing\u201d position (a rolled towel under the shoulders may help infants).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Avoid overextending the neck.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_62\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62\" style=\"width: 901px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"901\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.png 901w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4-300x111.png 300w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4-768x285.png 768w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4-65x24.png 65w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4-225x83.png 225w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4-350x130.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 901px) 100vw, 901px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Airway opening technique&#8221;\u00a0by\u00a0Nazrin Ahmad\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0CC BY-NC 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.5 <\/strong><strong>DRSABC: Breathing<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.5.a Perform rapid breathing assessment (5\u201310 seconds)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Look for chest\/abdomen movement, as well as any obvious obstructions in the mouth.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Listen for breathing sounds: normal, snoring (tongue), gurgling (fluid), high-pitched stridor (tight\/blocked upper airway).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Feel for air movement from the mouth\/nose.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Red flags: unable to speak\/cry, noisy breathing, drooling, cyanosis (blue lips), paradoxical chest\/abdomen motion.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_66\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-66 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/test\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.1-300x281.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.1-300x281.png 300w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.1-65x61.png 65w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.1-225x211.png 225w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/2.3.4.1.png 327w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attribution-builder\">&#8220;Respiratory assessment&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attribution-builder\">Nazrin Ahmad<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC 4.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.5.b Abnormal finding in \u2018breathing\u2019 assessment:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Absence of breathing (no chest rise).<\/li>\n<li>Abnormal breathing pattern:\n<ul type=\"a\">\n<li><strong>Agonal Breaths:<\/strong> irregular, gasping, or snorting sounds; often seen in cardiac arrest.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shallow or weak breathing:<\/strong> minimal chest movement, inadequate air exchange.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Laboured breathing:<\/strong> using neck or chest muscles excessively, visibly struggling to breathe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Noisy breathing:\n<ul type=\"a\">\n<li><strong>Gurgling:<\/strong> may indicate fluid or vomit obstructing the airway.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wheezing:<\/strong> a whistling sound, often due to asthma or airway narrowing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stridor:<\/strong> a harsh, high-pitched sound indicating upper airway obstruction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Snoring respirations:<\/strong> tongue partially blocking the airway in an unconscious person.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Abnormal rate:\n<ul type=\"a\">\n<li><strong>Too slow (bradypnea)<\/strong> may indicate drug overdose, brain injury.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Too fast (tachypnea)<\/strong> may suggest shock, asthma attack, severe bleeding, or anxiety.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cyanosis<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Key Action for Non-Medical Professionals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u2022 If breathing is absent or abnormal \u2192 treat as not breathing normally.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u2022 Start CPR immediately and call emergency services.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">\u2022 Place the casualty in the recovery position only if they are breathing normally and safely.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.3.6 DRSABC: Circulation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The circulation assessment can be divided into two main components: medical cases and trauma cases. A medical case involves conditions resulting from physiological abnormalities. In contrast, a trauma case refers to injuries caused by external forces, which may lead to internal bleeding, external bleeding, or fractures.<\/p>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li><strong>Medical circulation assessment:<\/strong>\n<ul type=\"a\">\n<li>Palpate the neck (carotid) pulse within 10 seconds. If no palpable pulse, commence high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trauma circulation assessment:<\/strong>\n<ul type=\"a\">\n<li>Observe for any visible external and internal bleeding and determine its location.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4 The examples of the application of DRSABC in medical and trauma cases<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.1 Case 1: Severe haemorrhage (Injury)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">You are in an office workshop when you hear a loud crash. A colleague has accidentally cut their arm deeply on a piece of broken glass after tripping over a toolbox. Blood is flowing heavily from the wound, and a few bystanders are panicking. What would be your action:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Danger (D): Before rushing in, you quickly check the area. There is broken glass scattered on the floor, and machinery nearby. You ensure the power is turned off and ask others to keep away from the sharp glass to prevent further injuries.<\/li>\n<li>Response (R) + AVPU: You kneel beside your colleague and speak to them: \u201cCan you hear me? Are you okay?\u201d They respond weakly, showing they are still Alert but in pain. You continue to check using the AVPU scale. They respond to your voice but appear dizzy.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shout for Help (S): You immediately ask a coworker to dial 999 (or 112) and provide clear instructions to report a severe bleeding incident, including the location and the number of casualties.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Airway (A): As the casualty becomes pale and less responsive, ensure their head is in a safe position and their mouth is clear, maintaining an open airway.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Breathing (B): You observe their chest movement and confirm they are still breathing normally, although shallow due to shock.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Circulation (C): You take a clean cloth from the first aid kit and apply firm, direct pressure to the bleeding wound to slow the blood loss. You reassure your colleague, keeping them calm, warm, and conscious until emergency services arrive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3.4.2 Case 2: Asthma attack in the office<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During a busy morning in the office, one of your colleagues suddenly starts coughing and wheezing after someone sprays an air freshener nearby. They clutch their chest and struggle to catch their breath.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Danger (D): You quickly remove the trigger by opening a window and asking others not to spray anything else in the room. You ensure the environment is safe from further irritants, such as smoke or dust.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Response (R) + AVPU: You approach the colleague and ask, \u201cCan you talk to me? Do you have your inhaler?\u201d They nod and try to speak, but can only manage short words between breaths. This means they are Alert but struggling. If they could only respond to Verbal prompts or Pain, or became Unresponsive, it would signal a life-threatening attack.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Shout for Help (S): Since the attack appears severe, ask another coworker to call 999 (or 112) and report an asthma emergency, providing the office location and details of the casualty\u2019s condition.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Airway (A): Encourage the casualty to sit upright and slightly lean forward, which helps keep their airway open and makes it easier for them to breathe.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Breathing (B): You monitor their breathing, which is fast and noisy, and help them take their reliever inhaler. You stay calm and reassure them while watching for any changes.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Circulation (C): You stay close in case their condition worsens. If they were to collapse and stop responding, you would immediately begin CPR and use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.5 Possible finding from the &#8216;Rapid Assessment Techniques&#8217;<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_172\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-172\" style=\"width: 529px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-172 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/RAT.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"529\" height=\"772\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/RAT.png 529w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/RAT-206x300.png 206w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/RAT-65x95.png 65w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/RAT-225x328.png 225w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/266\/2025\/10\/RAT-350x511.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 529px) 100vw, 529px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-172\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attribution-builder\">&#8220;Possible findings from rapid assessment&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attribution-builder\">Nazrin Ahmad<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC 4.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Type your key takeaways here.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>The FAr may perform the \u2018airway\u2019, \u2018breathing\u2019, and \u2018circulation\u2019 assessment simultaneously, however, the management always begins with the \u2018airway\u2019 followed by \u2018breathing\u2019 and \u2018circulation\u2019.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Ongoing assessment is essential, as the victim\u2019s condition is dynamic and may sometimes require modification of techniques to preserve life.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-28\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-28\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"28\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":173,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["nazrinahmad","alifhamid"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-nd"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61,60],"license":[58],"class_list":["post-148","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-alifhamid","contributor-nazrinahmad","license-cc-by-nc-nd"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/148","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/173"}],"version-history":[{"count":70,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/148\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":520,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/148\/revisions\/520"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/148\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=148"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=148"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=148"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/fundamentalfirstaidcompetencies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=148"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}