{"id":167,"date":"2025-08-19T07:45:59","date_gmt":"2025-08-19T07:45:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/chapter\/chapter-2-core-concepts-of-computing\/"},"modified":"2025-11-19T02:24:54","modified_gmt":"2025-11-19T02:24:54","slug":"chapter-2-core-concepts-of-computing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/chapter\/chapter-2-core-concepts-of-computing\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 2: Core Concepts of Computing","rendered":"Chapter 2: Core Concepts of Computing"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"chapter-2:-core-concepts-of-computing\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Welcome to Chapter 2! In this chapter, we will learn the core concepts of computing. Understanding these concepts is the key to feeling more confident with technology. After studying this chapter, you will be able to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Define the term computer<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Explain the difference between data and information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Explain the four parts of the computing cycle: Input, Process, Output, and Storage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Tell the difference between hardware and software.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Define common computer terms like file, folder, and network.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Understand how computers measure data using bits and bytes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every special subject has its own words. Doctors, lawyers, and chefs all have a special vocabulary for their work. The world of technology is no different. Learning these common computer words is like learning a new language. It helps us all communicate clearly and understand technology better. This chapter will explain the most important concepts and terms in a simple way, so we can all speak the same tech language.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">What is a Computer?<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fundamentally, a [pb_glossary id=\"195\"]computer[\/pb_glossary] can be defined as an electronic device that operates under the control of [pb_glossary id=\"203\"]instructions[\/pb_glossary] to process raw items and produce a useful result. To make this formal definition clear, let's use a modern, everyday analogy that is very familiar: ordering an item from an online store like Shopee or Lazada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Instructions<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">To perform any task, a computer needs a set of specific rules to follow. In computing, these rules are called instructions. The Shopee app, for example, is a [pb_glossary id=\"210\"]program[\/pb_glossary] containing thousands of instructions that tell your phone exactly what to do at every step, such as how to display products, what to do when you click \"Add to Cart,\" and how to calculate the final price. A computer cannot think for itself; it is entirely dependent on these instructions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Data<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The raw details you provide to the computer are called [pb_glossary id=\"196\"]data[\/pb_glossary]. When you use the Shopee app, the data you provide includes the product you select, the size and color you choose, and your shipping address. By themselves, these are just separate pieces of [pb_glossary id=\"201\"]information[\/pb_glossary]. In the same way, computer data can be text, numbers, or images that are not yet organized into something meaningful.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Process<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The action of the computer taking the raw data and following the instructions to work on it is called the process. When you click \"Place Order,\" the app begins processing. It takes the data you entered, communicates with Shopee's servers to confirm the item is in stock, calculates the total cost including shipping, and prepares your order for the seller. This is the \"work\" being done behind the scenes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Information<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The final, organized result that the computer shows you is the information. The raw data has been transformed through the process into something that is now meaningful and useful to you. After the app has processed your order, it presents you with information: an order confirmation number, a summary of the items you purchased, the total price, and an estimated delivery date. This is a complete, organized answer to your action.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Store<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Finally, after your order is complete, the details are saved in your account's \"Order History.\" This is [pb_glossary id=\"213\"]storage[\/pb_glossary]. The app saves the information about your purchase so that you can look at it again later, for example, to track your package or to request a return. A computer's ability to save information for future use is one of its most important functions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Basic Cycle of Computing: IPOS<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every computer, from the most powerful server to the smartphone in your pocket, performs four fundamental operations to get any task done. We call this the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"204\"]IPOS[\/pb_glossary] cycle<\/strong>, which stands for [pb_glossary id=\"202\"]Input[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"209\"]Process[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"208\"]Output[\/pb_glossary], and Storage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Input:<\/strong> You provide data and instructions to the computer using an input device like a keyboard or mouse.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\">Process:<\/strong><span style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\"> The computer's brain, the CPU, works on the data according to the instructions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\">Output:<\/strong><span style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\"> The computer shows you the result (the information) on an output device like a screen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\">Storage:<\/strong><span style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\"> The computer saves the data or information for future use.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1798\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image2.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1798\" height=\"314\" \/> Figure 2.1: The Basic Cycle of Computing (IPOS). This shows how a computer takes in data (Input), works on it (Process), and produces a result (Output), which can then be saved (Storage). Stored information can also be used as new input for another task. (Image generated with AI assistance using Deepseek-V2.)[\/caption]\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Day-to-Day Example: Withdrawing Money from an ATM<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The common task of withdrawing money from an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) serves as a practical illustration of the complete IPOS cycle. Although the transaction feels instantaneous to the [pb_glossary id=\"215\"]user[\/pb_glossary], the computer inside the ATM, in coordination with the bank's central system, executes these four distinct steps in a precise order.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Input<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is the stage where you provide all the necessary data and instructions for the task. When you use an ATM, you are giving the computer multiple pieces of input.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>First Input (Data):<\/strong> You insert your bank card. The chip on your card contains data, specifically your account number, which the machine reads.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Second Input (Data and Instruction):<\/strong> The screen asks for your PIN. When you type your secret number, you are providing more data. You are also giving the instruction to verify your identity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Third Input (Instruction):<\/strong> You select \"Withdraw\" from the menu on the screen. This is a clear instruction telling the computer what main task you want to perform.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Fourth Input (Data):<\/strong> You enter the amount you wish to withdraw, for example, RM100. This is the final piece of data the computer needs.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">At this point, you have given the computer all the raw materials it needs to begin its work.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. Process<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is the \"thinking\" stage where the work happens behind the scenes. The ATM itself is a computer, but it needs to communicate with the bank's main computer, which is a powerful server.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">The ATM takes all the input you provided (your account number, PIN, and the RM100 request) and sends it securely over a [pb_glossary id=\"207\"]network[\/pb_glossary] to the bank's central server.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">The server then processes this request. It follows a set of instructions to perform several checks. First, it verifies that the PIN you entered is the correct one for your account. Next, it checks your account balance to make sure you have enough money for the withdrawal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\">Once everything is confirmed, the server approves the transaction and sends an instruction back to the ATM, telling it that it is okay to give you the money. This complex verification and approval is the process.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. Output<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">After the process is complete, the computer presents the results to you. This is the output, and it can happen in several forms at once.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Physical Output:<\/strong> The ATM's cash dispenser, which is a piece of [pb_glossary id=\"200\"]hardware[\/pb_glossary], receives the instruction from the process and gives you RM100 in cash.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Printed Output:<\/strong> The machine's printer produces a receipt. This receipt contains meaningful <strong>information<\/strong>, such as the amount you withdrew, the date and time, and your new account balance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Digital Output:<\/strong> The screen displays a message, such as \"Transaction complete,\" and may show your new balance. This is also information presented to you.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. Storage<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">While the transaction at the ATM is now finished for you, the final and most important step for the bank is storage. This step ensures a permanent record of the event is created.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The bank's central server updates its main database. It permanently records that your account balance has been reduced by RM100. This is not a temporary change; it is the final, official record of the transaction. This ensures that if you check your balance from another ATM or on your phone's banking app, it will show the correct, updated amount. This permanent recording of the result is the storage step.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"483\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image1-1.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"483\" height=\"483\" \/> Figure 2.2: The IPOS Cycle in Action. Withdrawing money from an ATM is a perfect real-world example of the complete Input, Process, Output, and Storage cycle that every computer performs. (Image generated with AI assistance using Gemini Pro 2.5.)[\/caption]\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q1<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"chapter-2:-core-concepts-of-computing\">[h5p id=\"6\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q2<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"chapter-2:-core-concepts-of-computing\">[h5p id=\"7\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q3<\/span><\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"8\"]\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q4<\/span><\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"9\"]\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q5<\/span><\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"10\"]\r\n<h2>Hardware and Software: The Body and the Brain<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every complete computer system is made of two essential parts that work together: hardware and [pb_glossary id=\"212\"]software[\/pb_glossary].<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Hardware:<\/strong> These are the physical, touchable parts of a computer system. It is the body of the machine. Examples include the screen (monitor), keyboard, mouse, and the phone itself.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Software (or a Program):<\/strong> This is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. You cannot touch software. It is the mind of the machine. Examples include Microsoft Windows, Google Chrome, and the TikTok app.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is critical to understand this point: <strong>Hardware cannot work without software, and software is useless without hardware.<\/strong> They absolutely need each other to perform any useful job.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_165\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2048\"]<img class=\"wp-image-165 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1417\" \/> Figure 2.3: Examples of Computer Hardware. Hardware provides the physical 'body' of a computer system. This collection includes a desktop computer, a printer, a laptop, and a smartphone, all of which are tangible components you can see and touch. (Image generated with AI assistance using Gemini Pro 2.5.)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2048\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image4-1.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" \/> Figure 2.4: Using Software for Business Tasks. Application software, like the spreadsheet program shown here, is a vital tool for completing common business activities such as creating budgets and analyzing sales figures. (Image generated with AI assistance using Gemini Pro 2.5.)[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Essential Computing Terminology<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here are some basic terms you will see and hear all the time when working with computers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>File: <\/strong>A [pb_glossary id=\"197\"]file[\/pb_glossary] is a named collection of stored data. Think of it as a single digital item. A report you write, a picture you save, or a song you download are all files. Each file has a name, like MyAssignment.docx or HolidayPhoto.jpg.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Folder: <\/strong>A [pb_glossary id=\"198\"]folder[\/pb_glossary] is a digital container used to organise files. Just like you put paper documents into a physical folder in a cabinet, you put digital files into folders on a computer to keep your work tidy. For example, you can create a folder called \"University Notes\" to keep all your subject files organised.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Program and Application (App): <\/strong>A program, or an [pb_glossary id=\"192\"]application (app)[\/pb_glossary], is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a specific task. We use these tools to get our work done. The words are often used to mean the same thing, but \"app\" has become more common for software on smartphones and modern computers. For example, Microsoft Word is a program you use to write and edit documents, and WhatsApp is an app you use to send messages.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Network:<\/strong> A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together. This connection allows them to share resources like an internet connection, files, or printers. For example, the Wi-Fi at your university connects all the students' laptops and phones to the internet. This is a network. When you send a file to a classroom printer, you are using the network.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>User: <\/strong>A user is anyone who interacts with a computer or mobile device. If you are reading this on a screen, you are a user!<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Bits and Bytes: How Computers Measure Digital 'Stuff'<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Have you ever wondered what MB or GB means when you look at your phone's storage? These are units used to measure the size of digital data. It all starts with a \"[pb_glossary id=\"193\"]bit[\/pb_glossary]\".<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Bit:<\/strong> The smallest unit of data in a computer is called a bit. A bit is like a tiny light switch that can only be in one of two states: ON (represented by a 1) or OFF (represented by a 0).<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Byte:<\/strong> A group of 8 bits is called a [pb_glossary id=\"194\"]byte[\/pb_glossary]. A single byte can represent one character, like the letter A or the number 5.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Because a single byte is very small, we use larger units to measure the size of our files and storage space.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<table style=\"width: 438pt;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Unit<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Abbreviation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Approximate Size<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Example of What It Can Hold<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[pb_glossary id=\"205\"]Kilobyte[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">KB<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1,000 bytes<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A very short email or a few paragraphs of text.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[pb_glossary id=\"206\"]Megabyte[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">MB<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 million bytes<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A high quality photo or one song in MP3 format.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[pb_glossary id=\"199\"]Gigabyte[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">GB<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 billion bytes<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A full high definition movie or the storage of a typical smartphone.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[pb_glossary id=\"214\"]Terabyte[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TB<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 trillion bytes<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The storage of a modern laptop hard drive, holding thousands of movies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q6<\/span><\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"11\"]\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q7<\/span><\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"12\"]\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q8<\/span><\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"13\"]\r\n<h2>Chapter Summary<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this chapter, we learned the fundamental language of technology. We defined what a computer is and explored the important difference between raw data and meaningful information. We detailed the four steps of the computing cycle: Input, Process, Output, and Storage (IPOS). We also distinguished between the physical hardware and the instructional software. Finally, we defined key terms like file, folder, and network, and learned how computers measure data size using bits and bytes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Review Questions<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What is the difference between data and information?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List the four steps of the IPOS cycle in the correct order.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give one example of hardware and one example of software on your smartphone.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In your own words, what is the relationship between hardware and software?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which is larger: a Megabyte (MB) or a Gigabyte (GB)?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is your music playlist on Spotify an example of data or information? Explain your answer.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the smallest unit of data in a computer called?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How many bits are in one byte?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using the ATM withdrawal as an example, what is the \"Process\" step?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is a computer network? Give a real-world example mentioned in the chapter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\nBrookshear, J. G., &amp; Brylow, D. (2015). Computer science: An overview (12th ed.). Pearson.\r\n\r\nFlorida Center for Instructional Technology, University of South Florida. (n.d.). Chapter 1: What is a network? In An Educator's Guide to School Networks. Retrieved August 14, 2025, from <a class=\"rId12\" href=\"https:\/\/fcit.usf.edu\/network\/chap1\/chap1.htm\">https:\/\/fcit.usf.edu\/network\/chap1\/chap1.htm<\/a>\r\n\r\nGCFGlobal.org. (n.d.). What is a computer? Retrieved August 14, 2025, from <a class=\"rId10\" href=\"https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/computerbasics\/what-is-a-computer\/1\/\">https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/computerbasics\/what-is-a-computer\/1\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nParsons, J. J., &amp; Oja, D. (2014). New perspectives on computer concepts 2014: Comprehensive. Cengage Learning.\r\n\r\nOpenStax. (2023). Workplace software and skills. 2.2 Files and Folders. <a class=\"rId11\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/workplace-software-skills\/pages\/2-2-files-and-folder\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/workplace-software-skills\/pages\/2-2-files-and-folder<\/a>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Vermaat, M. E., Sebok, S. L., Freund, S. M., Campbell, J. T., &amp; Frydenberg, M. (2018). Discovering computers: Digital technology, data, and devices. Cengage Learning.<\/p>","rendered":"<div class=\"chapter-2:-core-concepts-of-computing\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Welcome to Chapter 2! In this chapter, we will learn the core concepts of computing. Understanding these concepts is the key to feeling more confident with technology. After studying this chapter, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Define the term computer<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Explain the difference between data and information.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Explain the four parts of the computing cycle: Input, Process, Output, and Storage.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Tell the difference between hardware and software.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Define common computer terms like file, folder, and network.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-indent: 18pt;\">Understand how computers measure data using bits and bytes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every special subject has its own words. Doctors, lawyers, and chefs all have a special vocabulary for their work. The world of technology is no different. Learning these common computer words is like learning a new language. It helps us all communicate clearly and understand technology better. This chapter will explain the most important concepts and terms in a simple way, so we can all speak the same tech language.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">What is a Computer?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fundamentally, a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_195\">computer<\/a> can be defined as an electronic device that operates under the control of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_203\">instructions<\/a> to process raw items and produce a useful result. To make this formal definition clear, let&#8217;s use a modern, everyday analogy that is very familiar: ordering an item from an online store like Shopee or Lazada.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Instructions<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">To perform any task, a computer needs a set of specific rules to follow. In computing, these rules are called instructions. The Shopee app, for example, is a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_210\">program<\/a> containing thousands of instructions that tell your phone exactly what to do at every step, such as how to display products, what to do when you click &#8220;Add to Cart,&#8221; and how to calculate the final price. A computer cannot think for itself; it is entirely dependent on these instructions.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Data<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The raw details you provide to the computer are called <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_196\">data<\/a>. When you use the Shopee app, the data you provide includes the product you select, the size and color you choose, and your shipping address. By themselves, these are just separate pieces of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_201\">information<\/a>. In the same way, computer data can be text, numbers, or images that are not yet organized into something meaningful.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Process<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The action of the computer taking the raw data and following the instructions to work on it is called the process. When you click &#8220;Place Order,&#8221; the app begins processing. It takes the data you entered, communicates with Shopee&#8217;s servers to confirm the item is in stock, calculates the total cost including shipping, and prepares your order for the seller. This is the &#8220;work&#8221; being done behind the scenes.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Information<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The final, organized result that the computer shows you is the information. The raw data has been transformed through the process into something that is now meaningful and useful to you. After the app has processed your order, it presents you with information: an order confirmation number, a summary of the items you purchased, the total price, and an estimated delivery date. This is a complete, organized answer to your action.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Store<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Finally, after your order is complete, the details are saved in your account&#8217;s &#8220;Order History.&#8221; This is <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_213\">storage<\/a>. The app saves the information about your purchase so that you can look at it again later, for example, to track your package or to request a return. A computer&#8217;s ability to save information for future use is one of its most important functions.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Basic Cycle of Computing: IPOS<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every computer, from the most powerful server to the smartphone in your pocket, performs four fundamental operations to get any task done. We call this the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_204\">IPOS<\/a> cycle<\/strong>, which stands for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_202\">Input<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_209\">Process<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_208\">Output<\/a>, and Storage.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Input:<\/strong> You provide data and instructions to the computer using an input device like a keyboard or mouse.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\">Process:<\/strong><span style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\"> The computer&#8217;s brain, the CPU, works on the data according to the instructions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\">Output:<\/strong><span style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\"> The computer shows you the result (the information) on an output device like a screen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\">Storage:<\/strong><span style=\"text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 1em;\"> The computer saves the data or information for future use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure style=\"width: 1798px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image2.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"1798\" height=\"314\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.1: The Basic Cycle of Computing (IPOS). This shows how a computer takes in data (Input), works on it (Process), and produces a result (Output), which can then be saved (Storage). Stored information can also be used as new input for another task. (Image generated with AI assistance using Deepseek-V2.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Day-to-Day Example: Withdrawing Money from an ATM<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The common task of withdrawing money from an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) serves as a practical illustration of the complete IPOS cycle. Although the transaction feels instantaneous to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_215\">user<\/a>, the computer inside the ATM, in coordination with the bank&#8217;s central system, executes these four distinct steps in a precise order.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Input<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is the stage where you provide all the necessary data and instructions for the task. When you use an ATM, you are giving the computer multiple pieces of input.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>First Input (Data):<\/strong> You insert your bank card. The chip on your card contains data, specifically your account number, which the machine reads.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Second Input (Data and Instruction):<\/strong> The screen asks for your PIN. When you type your secret number, you are providing more data. You are also giving the instruction to verify your identity.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Third Input (Instruction):<\/strong> You select &#8220;Withdraw&#8221; from the menu on the screen. This is a clear instruction telling the computer what main task you want to perform.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Fourth Input (Data):<\/strong> You enter the amount you wish to withdraw, for example, RM100. This is the final piece of data the computer needs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">At this point, you have given the computer all the raw materials it needs to begin its work.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. Process<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is the &#8220;thinking&#8221; stage where the work happens behind the scenes. The ATM itself is a computer, but it needs to communicate with the bank&#8217;s main computer, which is a powerful server.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">The ATM takes all the input you provided (your account number, PIN, and the RM100 request) and sends it securely over a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_207\">network<\/a> to the bank&#8217;s central server.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">The server then processes this request. It follows a set of instructions to perform several checks. First, it verifies that the PIN you entered is the correct one for your account. Next, it checks your account balance to make sure you have enough money for the withdrawal.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\">Once everything is confirmed, the server approves the transaction and sends an instruction back to the ATM, telling it that it is okay to give you the money. This complex verification and approval is the process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. Output<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">After the process is complete, the computer presents the results to you. This is the output, and it can happen in several forms at once.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Physical Output:<\/strong> The ATM&#8217;s cash dispenser, which is a piece of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_200\">hardware<\/a>, receives the instruction from the process and gives you RM100 in cash.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Printed Output:<\/strong> The machine&#8217;s printer produces a receipt. This receipt contains meaningful <strong>information<\/strong>, such as the amount you withdrew, the date and time, and your new account balance.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Digital Output:<\/strong> The screen displays a message, such as &#8220;Transaction complete,&#8221; and may show your new balance. This is also information presented to you.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. Storage<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">While the transaction at the ATM is now finished for you, the final and most important step for the bank is storage. This step ensures a permanent record of the event is created.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The bank&#8217;s central server updates its main database. It permanently records that your account balance has been reduced by RM100. This is not a temporary change; it is the final, official record of the transaction. This ensures that if you check your balance from another ATM or on your phone&#8217;s banking app, it will show the correct, updated amount. This permanent recording of the result is the storage step.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure style=\"width: 483px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image1-1.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"483\" height=\"483\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.2: The IPOS Cycle in Action. Withdrawing money from an ATM is a perfect real-world example of the complete Input, Process, Output, and Storage cycle that every computer performs. (Image generated with AI assistance using Gemini Pro 2.5.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q1<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"chapter-2:-core-concepts-of-computing\">\n<div id=\"h5p-6\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-6\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"6\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter_2_Q1_Drag_The_Words\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q2<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"chapter-2:-core-concepts-of-computing\">\n<div id=\"h5p-7\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-7\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"7\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter_2_Q2_Dialog_Cards\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q3<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-8\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-8\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"8\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter_2_Q3_Quiz_Question_Set\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q4<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-9\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-9\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"9\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter_2_Q4_Drag_And_Drop\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q5<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-10\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-10\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"10\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter_2_Q5_Image_Sequencing\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Hardware and Software: The Body and the Brain<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Every complete computer system is made of two essential parts that work together: hardware and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_212\">software<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Hardware:<\/strong> These are the physical, touchable parts of a computer system. It is the body of the machine. Examples include the screen (monitor), keyboard, mouse, and the phone itself.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Software (or a Program):<\/strong> This is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. You cannot touch software. It is the mind of the machine. Examples include Microsoft Windows, Google Chrome, and the TikTok app.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is critical to understand this point: <strong>Hardware cannot work without software, and software is useless without hardware.<\/strong> They absolutely need each other to perform any useful job.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_165\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-165\" style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-165 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547-1024x709.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547-768x531.jpg 768w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547-1536x1063.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547-65x45.jpg 65w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547-225x156.jpg 225w, https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image3-1-e1755700118547-350x242.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-165\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.3: Examples of Computer Hardware. Hardware provides the physical &#8216;body&#8217; of a computer system. This collection includes a desktop computer, a printer, a laptop, and a smartphone, all of which are tangible components you can see and touch. (Image generated with AI assistance using Gemini Pro 2.5.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 2048px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/239\/2025\/08\/image4-1.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.4: Using Software for Business Tasks. Application software, like the spreadsheet program shown here, is a vital tool for completing common business activities such as creating budgets and analyzing sales figures. (Image generated with AI assistance using Gemini Pro 2.5.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Essential Computing Terminology<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Here are some basic terms you will see and hear all the time when working with computers.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>File: <\/strong>A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_197\">file<\/a> is a named collection of stored data. Think of it as a single digital item. A report you write, a picture you save, or a song you download are all files. Each file has a name, like MyAssignment.docx or HolidayPhoto.jpg.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Folder: <\/strong>A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_198\">folder<\/a> is a digital container used to organise files. Just like you put paper documents into a physical folder in a cabinet, you put digital files into folders on a computer to keep your work tidy. For example, you can create a folder called &#8220;University Notes&#8221; to keep all your subject files organised.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Program and Application (App): <\/strong>A program, or an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_192\">application (app)<\/a>, is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a specific task. We use these tools to get our work done. The words are often used to mean the same thing, but &#8220;app&#8221; has become more common for software on smartphones and modern computers. For example, Microsoft Word is a program you use to write and edit documents, and WhatsApp is an app you use to send messages.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Network:<\/strong> A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together. This connection allows them to share resources like an internet connection, files, or printers. For example, the Wi-Fi at your university connects all the students&#8217; laptops and phones to the internet. This is a network. When you send a file to a classroom printer, you are using the network.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>User: <\/strong>A user is anyone who interacts with a computer or mobile device. If you are reading this on a screen, you are a user!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Bits and Bytes: How Computers Measure Digital &#8216;Stuff&#8217;<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Have you ever wondered what MB or GB means when you look at your phone&#8217;s storage? These are units used to measure the size of digital data. It all starts with a &#8220;<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_193\">bit<\/a>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Bit:<\/strong> The smallest unit of data in a computer is called a bit. A bit is like a tiny light switch that can only be in one of two states: ON (represented by a 1) or OFF (represented by a 0).<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Byte:<\/strong> A group of 8 bits is called a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_194\">byte<\/a>. A single byte can represent one character, like the letter A or the number 5.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Because a single byte is very small, we use larger units to measure the size of our files and storage space.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<table style=\"width: 438pt;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Unit<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Abbreviation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Approximate Size<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Example of What It Can Hold<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_205\">Kilobyte<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">KB<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1,000 bytes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A very short email or a few paragraphs of text.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_206\">Megabyte<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">MB<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 million bytes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A high quality photo or one song in MP3 format.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_199\">Gigabyte<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">GB<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 billion bytes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A full high definition movie or the storage of a typical smartphone.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Table1-R\" style=\"height: 37.5pt;\">\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 81.4896px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_167_214\">Terabyte<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 104.448px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">TB<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 112.927px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 trillion bytes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"Table1-C\" style=\"background-color: #f8fafd; color: #ffffff; padding: 6pt 9pt; border: 0.625pt solid #1b1c1d; width: 185.802px;\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The storage of a modern laptop hard drive, holding thousands of movies.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q6<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-11\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-11\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"11\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter_2_Q6_Drag_And_Drop\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q7<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-12\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-12\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"12\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter_2_Q7_Image_Hotspots\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">Check Your Understanding: Q8<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-13\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-13\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"13\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter_2_Q8_Quiz_Question_Set\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Chapter Summary<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this chapter, we learned the fundamental language of technology. We defined what a computer is and explored the important difference between raw data and meaningful information. We detailed the four steps of the computing cycle: Input, Process, Output, and Storage (IPOS). We also distinguished between the physical hardware and the instructional software. Finally, we defined key terms like file, folder, and network, and learned how computers measure data size using bits and bytes.<\/p>\n<h2>Review Questions<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>What is the difference between data and information?<\/li>\n<li>List the four steps of the IPOS cycle in the correct order.<\/li>\n<li>Give one example of hardware and one example of software on your smartphone.<\/li>\n<li>In your own words, what is the relationship between hardware and software?<\/li>\n<li>Which is larger: a Megabyte (MB) or a Gigabyte (GB)?<\/li>\n<li>Is your music playlist on Spotify an example of data or information? Explain your answer.<\/li>\n<li>What is the smallest unit of data in a computer called?<\/li>\n<li>How many bits are in one byte?<\/li>\n<li>Using the ATM withdrawal as an example, what is the &#8220;Process&#8221; step?<\/li>\n<li>What is a computer network? Give a real-world example mentioned in the chapter.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>Brookshear, J. G., &amp; Brylow, D. (2015). Computer science: An overview (12th ed.). Pearson.<\/p>\n<p>Florida Center for Instructional Technology, University of South Florida. (n.d.). Chapter 1: What is a network? In An Educator&#8217;s Guide to School Networks. Retrieved August 14, 2025, from <a class=\"rId12\" href=\"https:\/\/fcit.usf.edu\/network\/chap1\/chap1.htm\">https:\/\/fcit.usf.edu\/network\/chap1\/chap1.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p>GCFGlobal.org. (n.d.). What is a computer? Retrieved August 14, 2025, from <a class=\"rId10\" href=\"https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/computerbasics\/what-is-a-computer\/1\/\">https:\/\/edu.gcfglobal.org\/en\/computerbasics\/what-is-a-computer\/1\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Parsons, J. J., &amp; Oja, D. (2014). New perspectives on computer concepts 2014: Comprehensive. Cengage Learning.<\/p>\n<p>OpenStax. (2023). Workplace software and skills. 2.2 Files and Folders. <a class=\"rId11\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/workplace-software-skills\/pages\/2-2-files-and-folder\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/workplace-software-skills\/pages\/2-2-files-and-folder<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Vermaat, M. E., Sebok, S. L., Freund, S. M., Campbell, J. T., &amp; Frydenberg, M. (2018). Discovering computers: Digital technology, data, and devices. Cengage Learning.<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_167_195\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_195\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An electronic device that operates under the control of instructions to process raw items and produce a useful result. It processes data based on a set of instructions.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_203\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_203\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A set of specific rules a computer follows to perform any task.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_210\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_210\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It is also known as software.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_196\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_196\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The raw details you provide to the computer. They are raw, unprocessed facts and figures.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_201\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_201\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The final, organized result that the computer shows you. It is processed data that is meaningful and useful.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_213\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_213\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The act of saving data or information for future use.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_204\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_204\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The four-step cycle of Input, Process, Output, and Storage.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_202\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_202\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The act of providing data and instructions to the computer.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_209\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_209\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The action of the computer taking raw data and following instructions to work on it.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_208\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_208\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The result that a computer shows after processing data.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_215\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_215\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Anyone who interacts with a computer or mobile device.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_207\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_207\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A collection of computers and devices connected together, which allows them to share resources.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_200\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_200\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The physical, touchable parts of a computer system.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_212\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_212\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A set of instructions (a program) that tells the hardware what to do.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_197\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_197\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A named collection of stored data, which can be thought of as a single digital item.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_198\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_198\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A digital container used to organise files.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_192\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_192\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a specific task. The word \u201capp\u201d is more common for software on smartphones and modern computers.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_193\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_193\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The smallest unit of data in a computer, represented as either ON (1) or OFF (0).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_194\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_194\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A unit of digital information that consists of 8 bits. A group of 8 bits is called a byte, which can represent a single character.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_205\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_205\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A unit of data measurement approximately equal to 1,000 bytes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_206\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_206\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A unit of data measurement approximately equal to 1 million bytes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_199\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_199\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A unit of data measurement approximately equal to 1 billion bytes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_167_214\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_167_214\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A unit of data measurement approximately equal to 1 trillion bytes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":91,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-167","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/167","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/91"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/167\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":754,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/167\/revisions\/754"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/167\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=167"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=167"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=167"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openbook.ums.edu.my\/businessbytescomputerguide\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=167"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}